The Future of Finance - Can DeFi Decentralize Traditional Models?
DeFi refers to an ecosystem of decentralized financial applications built on blockchain networks. It incorporates key aspects of blockchain such as transparency, accessibility, security and decentralization into financial services.
Some of the key functionalities and services that DeFi aims to offer include:
Borrowing and lending platforms
Decentralized exchanges (DEXs)
Derivatives and synthetic assets
Payments services
Asset management platforms
Rather than relying on traditional intermediaries like banks and brokers, DeFi utilizes smart contracts, which are automated enforceable agreements that do not require trusted intermediaries. DeFi protocols also allow peer-to-peer transactions without centralized clearing houses.
Decentralization is a core philosophical driver behind DeFi. By eliminating concentrated points of control and third party intermediation, DeFi aims to increase accessibility to financial services and reduce costs.
Most DeFi applications are currently built on Ethereum, owing to its maturity and capacity to execute smart contracts. However, developers are increasingly exploring other blockchain platforms as Ethereum continues to face some scalability and congestion issues.
The Growth, Potential and Limitations of DeFi
DeFi has exhibited staggering growth since 2020 but still represents only a tiny fraction of the broader financial services industry. Its market size expanded from just US$710 million at the start of 2020 to over US$247 billion as of Q1 2022. An array of lending, trading, payments and other DeFi solutions are now available.
Supporters argue that DeFi has barely scratched the surface of its potential. They envision an open, transparent and accessible parallel financial system that could extend financial services to billions more people with efficiency and cost reductions.
However, limitations in its existing technology have also been exposed as usage has grown. Scalability, complexity for ordinary users, privacy limitations and security vulnerabilities are some of the key challenges facing DeFi today. Questions remain over whether it can evolve to compete head-on with traditional finance across the breadth of financial services and for mainstream adoption.
Traditional Finance – Strengths, Weaknesses and Response to DeFi
Unlike the decentralized approach of DeFi, traditional finance relies on long-established centralized institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, insurance companies and stock exchanges to offer financial services. These institutions and the systems they operate constitute centralized finance (CeFi).
The centralized model has both strengths and weaknesses:
Strengths include:
Accumulated consumer trust after decades of catering to customers
Capacity to deal with complex transactions
Established regulatory compliance and oversight safeguards
Government support mechanisms and security of traditional currencies
Weaknesses encompass:
Rising costs and fees reducing services affordability
Exclusion of certain demographics and geographies
Vulnerability to internal system failures and security breaches
Partially opaque operations and decision making
Initially dismissive of blockchain-based finance, traditional institutions are now acknowledging DeFi’s rising influence. Many top banks have launched innovation labs and accelerators focused on blockchain research. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) and digital assets are being explored for existing services as well as new offerings.
Convergence, Co-existence or Replacement? Assessing the Outlook
This leads to the key debate around whether decentralized systems can coexist with, progressively converge with or eventually fully replace centralized financial services. There are several perspectives on this:
Gradual Convergence Viewpoint
Proponents of this viewpoint argue that DeFi applications will force legacy institutions to continually improve cost structures, transparency and operational efficiencies. Certain financial services like payments could shift primarily towards blockchain-based decentralized networks. However, commercial banks, insurers and stock exchanges will retain their centrality given advantages of trust assurances, regulatory oversight and abilities to manage complexity. Rather than disruption, the transformation of traditional finance will involve gradual convergence and absorption of DeFi, with centralized and decentralized systems co-existing.
Parallel Ecosystems Viewpoint
Others foresee minimal convergence between DeFi and CeFi protocols. Instead, decentralized and centralized systems will focus their respective strengths while addressing weaknesses, to cater to specific market niches. For instance, decentralized finance may dominate digital asset transactions, peer-to-peer services and programmatic contracts while traditional institutions manage fiat currencies, high value transactions and complex derivatives. This ‘parallel tracks’ scenario would see decentralized and centralized financial rails operate independently while addressing distinct segments.
DeFi Ultimately Ascendant Viewpoint
The third perspective is one where technological capabilities, platform maturation and mainstreaming of applications inevitably make decentralized financial networks dominant in the long run across most financial services. Supporters argue that open, decentralized and self-custodial systems guaranteeing transparency, efficiency and censorship resistance without intermediaries will eventually prevail. Just as internet decentralized protocols came to dominate many spheres, decentralized finance is positioned to fundamentally transform and capture most of the multi-trillion dollar financial services market according to proponents of this view.
Which of these broad scenarios appears more likely, or will the future evolve in an unexpected direction combining elements of each viewpoint? We assess the possibilities across various financial services domains:
Payments
Retail and commercial payments represent a prime area where DeFi aims to disrupt legacy systems like card networks and wire transfers. Decentralized payment protocols can allow real-time global value transfers at near zero fees. While still early stage, usage and development in blockchain-based payment systems is growing rapidly, with capacity to integrate token rewards and other features.
That said, existing payments systems will also prove adaptive. For instance, the global SWIFT bank-to-bank messaging network is experimenting with DLT integrations. More feasible is a convergence evolution, with decentralized and centralized payments systems by interfacing at points and catering to their respective advantages like transaction complexity, value thresholds and currency types.
Savings and Deposits
Savings accounts, deposits and checking accounts dominate the retail side of traditional banking. But with interest rates offered by commercial banks at record lows, decentralized alternatives like DeFi yield generating protocols are emerging as attractive options for savers. Returns over 10% and flexible redemption options make these decentralized platforms appealing, potentially diverting assets from banks.
Banks do retain strength in benefits like government guarantees on deposits, fiat currency storage and wide ATM access. But their cost structures make competing on yield with software-based decentralized finance protocols difficult. This aligns more with the ‘DeFi ascendant’ scenario over the long run for basic savings and deposit facilities, though divergences will remain based on currency requirements.
Insurance
Insurance represents a complex and strictly regulated arena that will prove more challenging for decentralized disruption to penetrate in the near term. That said, innovations like parametric insurance products built on smart contracts are gaining interest over claims processing and underwriting. These align neatly with blockchain’s capabilities for automated, transparent rules-based payouts should specific events occur. Areas with high costs and friction like flight delay insurance could move towards such DeFi alternatives.
Yet when handling risks around health, auto, commercial assets and life, the reliability of centralized insurers will trump the efficiency promises of nascent DeFi insurance protocols for some time. A gradual convergence appears the likely path here, with distributed ledger technology making legacy insurance processes leaner and more transparent but full displacement not imminent.
Lending and Credit
Peer-to-peer lending has been feasibly demonstrated by DeFi lending protocols, with composable architecture allowing lending markets to launch fast with algorithmically determined interest rates removing human intermediaries. And flash loan features exclusively enabled in decentralized networks illustrate innovation possibilities.
But when considering business and large ticket size lending, centralized finance enjoys accumulated trust and long-term client relationships. Default risk models and compliance processes in banks are also more robust. This aligns more closely with the parallel ecosystems scenario, where P2P and retail loans shift towards DeFi platforms while business financing stays centralized. Consortium blockchains bridging DeFi platforms and banks could emerge for asset digitization and tokenized lending across institutional and retail spaces.
Investment Banking and Capital Markets
From underwriting and raising capital to market making and structured derivatives, investment banking activities remain almost fully within centralized finance’s remit for now. The sheer complexity of instruments involved makes replicating this in current DeFi systems very difficult. That said, decentralized exchanges demonstrate early-stage capabilities for linking capital seekers and suppliers without typical intermediaries.
Looking ahead, the most likely trajectory appears to be gradual absorption of DLT efficiencies into legacy investment banking, asset securitization and trading systems. Innovations like decentralized settlement are already being explored at banks and stock exchanges. Full decentralization remains improbable for complex investment banking activities due to associated risks. Hybrid convergence is a more feasible outcome.
A Mixed Outlook
This analysis reveals a mixed outlook across different financial services domains – ranging from eventual displacement of incumbents in areas like retail banking and P2P services to sustained centralized dominance in complex sectors as with investment banking and insurance underwriting. Parallel ecosystems servicing distinct niches, gradual convergence across models and protocols, and selective migration to decentralized rails are all likely to feature.
Rather than a blanket replacement of traditional finance, DeFi seems poised to rewire specific areas while decentralizing and upgrading the underlying infrastructure for many financial sectors. However, gaps in technology, regulation and mainstream readiness imply a measured transition rather than sudden disruption of financial incumbents by decentralized models.
Diving Deeper – 9 Critical Factors that Will Determine the Future Balance of Power
Analyzing the critical uncertainties that can have an outsized impact on how DeFi evolves and challenges traditional finance, we identify 9 key factors:
1. Resolution of the Blockchain Trilemma
DeFi ecosystems need to resolve the ‘blockchain trilemma’ - achieving the optimum balance between decentralization, transaction throughput and data security across blockchains. This will be critical for performance, growth and governance outcomes.
2. Maturing Cryptocurrency Regulation
Regulatory regimes for cryptocurrencies remain uncertain across major economies. Clearer guidelines can influence institutional flows into digital asset-powered DeFi applications.
3. Platform Interoperability Gains
Seamless exchange of assets, data and capabilities across DeFi protocols hinges on platform interoperability advances. This can amplify network effects.
4. User Experience Improvements
Mainstream adoption needs DeFi platforms to become as intuitive to navigate as internet-based applications. Simplifying onboarding and transaction steps will be vital.
5. DeFi Security Measures
Decentralized networks need robust safeguards against risks like smart contract bugs, flash loan exploits and governance attacks. Effective security will enable sustainable expansion.
6. Development of Decentralized Identity Systems
Trusted identity verification mechanisms fully retained by users can resolve compliance needs in DeFi systems without compromising privacy or control.
7. Institutional Asset Digitization & Blockchain Integration by Incumbents
If central players digitize assets on blockchain rails they can retain competitiveness. Bank-issued digital currencies could challenge stablecoins for example.
8. Emergence of Consortium and Hybrid Blockchains
Collaborative blockchain systems that mix centralized and distributed elements can drive convergence across models and efficiency gains.
9. Regulatory Clarity for Smart Contracts
Policy clarity is needed on the legal standing of automated smart contracts for functions like custody and settlements. This can propel adoption.
While not exhaustive, these 9 variables highlight that the future trajectory of DeFi and its interplay with traditional finance hinges on technology and ecosystem evolution as much as policy, user adoption and incumbent responses. Tracking developments across these areas will offer the clearest signals on whether decentralization will rewrite the financial services rulebook.
Conclusion
Tracking the key factors covered in this analysis can offer the best signals on whether decentralized protocols and applications will ascend to mainstream relevance across retail investors and institutional incumbents alike. The likelihoods tilt more towards coexistence and integration rather than any sudden extinction of traditional finance as we know it today.
