Laws Of Friction: Limiting and Dynamic Laws

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24 Oct 2022
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Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.


Static and Kinetic Friction

Friction is a force resisting relative motion and it occurs at the interface between the bodies, but also within the bodies, like in case of fluids. The concept of friction coefficient was first formulated by Leonardo da Vinci. The magnitude of the coefficient of friction is determined by the properties of the surfaces, surroundings, surface features, presence of the lubricant, etc.


There are five laws of friction and they are:


The friction of the moving object is proportional and perpendicular to the normal force.


The friction experienced by the object is dependent on the nature of the surface it is in contact with.


Friction is independent of the area of contact as long as there is an area of contact.


Kinetic friction is independent of velocity.


The coefficient of static friction is greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction.


Laws Of Static Friction

There are two laws of static friction:


First law: The maximum force of static friction is not dependent on the area of contact.


Second law: The maximum force of static friction is comparative to the normal force i.e., if the normal force increases, the maximum external force that the object can endure without moving, also increases.


Laws of Kinetic Friction

There are four laws of kinetic friction:


First law: The force of kinetic friction (Fk) is directly proportional to the normal reaction (N) between two surfaces in contact. Where, μk​ = constant called the coefficient of kinetic Friction.


Second law: Force of kinetic friction is independent of shape and apparent area of the surfaces in contact.


Third law: It depends upon nature and material of surface in contact.


Fourth law: It is independent of the velocity of object in contact provided the relative velocity between the object and the surface is not too large.

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