Understanding the Wonders of Real-World Assets (RWA) in the Real World
Have you ever imagined owning a digital investment grounded in physical assets in the real world? The good news is that this possibility has now become a reality through the concept of tokenizing Real-World Assets (RWA) using blockchain technology.
RWA is a digital representation of physical assets obtained through a conversion process utilizing blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). RWAs are tangible assets that can be represented in the form of tokens and have the potential to function as collateral in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms.
n essence, the concept of RWA brings the opportunity to combine the benefits of the real world with the advantages of decentralized technology. On the other hand, digital assets in the crypto world provide new financial innovations, primarily characterized by decentralization and anonymity.
To better understand what RWA is, its objectives and use of tokenization, how it works, the tokenization process, examples of RWA tokenization, and its advantages and disadvantages, let's explore the comprehensive review below.
What are Real-World Assets (RWA) and Their History?
Real-World Assets (RWA) refer to physical assets with economic value in the real world. These assets can include physical objects such as properties, vehicles, or artwork, and also encompass intangible assets such as intellectual property rights, copyrights, or trademarks. With the support of blockchain technology and decentralized ledger (DLT), we can now tokenize RWAs.
As mentioned earlier, the tokenization of RWA is the process of converting physical assets into digital tokens recorded on the blockchain. Through tokenization, real assets can be digitally represented on the blockchain. This process opens up opportunities for easier and more efficient trading and investment, especially for assets that were previously difficult to trade or illiquid.
Tokenization of RWA can represent various types of assets, including real estate projects, equity funds, and even artwork like the "Mona Lisa." With RWA tokenization, the replacement of ownership of an asset becomes easier, allowing people to own a small portion of valuable assets like the "Mona Lisa" without owning the entire artwork.
As an additional example, stablecoin is a type of RWA representing the value of a fiat currency using tokens on the blockchain. The tokenization of this asset became possible with the emergence of the Bitcoin blockchain.
The history of Bitcoin's creation began with the publication of the whitepaper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by an individual or group using the pseudonym "Satoshi Nakamoto." This whitepaper was released on October 31, 2008, through a cryptography mailing list known as "The Cryptography Mailing." Subsequently, the development of Ethereum as a global computing platform for smart contracts triggered the growth of various blockchain variations and DLT technologies. The emergence of stablecoins became a native product of the fiat currency tokenization process.
Objectives and Uses of RWA Tokenization (Real World Asset)
Why is the tokenization of real-world assets essential? Firstly, RWA tokens can be used in the DeFi ecosystem. Real-world assets fall under the category of Traditional Finance (TradFi), which consists of rules, intermediaries, and other elements.
Through tokenization, the goal is to bring these assets into the decentralized world to be part of the continually evolving DeFi ecosystem. It should be emphasized that DeFi has significant differences from traditional banking and financial institutions.
DeFi, for example, reflects significant cost savings, including reduced margins, labor, and almost nonexistent operational costs. DeFi protocols and tools, such as Automated Market Makers (AMM), Liquidity Pools, and others, enable instant transaction settlements, a feature long lost in the TradFi world. Ultimately, with the existence of RWA tokens, the advantages and accessibility to real-world assets can be integrated with the innovative side of DeFi.
How Real-World Assets (RWA) Work
The process of tokenizing Real-World Assets (RWA) involves converting physical assets into digital tokens stored on the blockchain. This process is carried out through at least four steps:
1.Asset Evaluation and Assessment
Before the tokenization process begins, the asset must undergo evaluation and assessment to determine an accurate price or valuation.
2. Smart Contract Creation
The creation of smart contracts is the next step in the tokenization process. Smart contracts are designed to govern token functions and accurately represent the value of physical assets in the blockchain environment.
3.Verification and Audit
Independent auditors are involved in the verification and audit stage. They ensure that the assets and tokenization process comply with established standards. This step is crucial to ensure the integrity and security of the tokens.
4.Token Issuance
After passing the verification stage, tokens are issued and become tradable in the crypto market. Token issuance creates a tradable digital representation of the physically tokenized assets.
Tokenization Process: How Blockchain Facilitates Real-World Asset Tokenization
Quoting cointelegraph.com, real-world assets are converted into digital tokens through the tokenization process enabled by blockchain technology, allowing them to be easily bought, sold, and traded on blockchain platforms. The following are ways in which blockchain facilitates the tokenization of physical assets that need to be known:
1.Identification and Asset Valuation
The initial stage in this process involves identifying and valuating real-world assets that will be tokenized. Assets can include real estate, artwork, commodities, or intellectual property. The asset's value is determined, and decisions are made regarding dividing the asset into digital tokens.
2.Legal Compliance and Regulations
Ensuring compliance with applicable rules and regulations is a crucial step before proceeding with tokenization. To facilitate tokenization while remaining compliant with regulations, legal entities such as Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) can be developed. SPVs are created for specific financial purposes, such as holding and managing assets, reducing risk, or facilitating investment.
3.Smart Contract Creation
Blockchain-based smart contracts are created to govern how tokens will be created, managed, and traded. The automation of various processes and the assurance that they are executed according to the agreement depend on smart contracts.
4.Selection of Blockchain Platform
The next step is to choose a blockchain platform suitable for tokenization. For example, Ethereum can be chosen because it supports smart contracts and has a robust developer community. Other blockchain platforms with tokenization features are also possible choices.
5.Token Creation
Next, digital tokens representing ownership or rights to physical assets are created. Each token typically represents a small portion of the asset's value. Token development using the chosen blockchain often follows established token standards, such as ERC-20 for Ethereum-based tokens.
6.Ownership Records
The immutable and transparent blockchain ledger records token ownership, including information about token owners, purchase transactions, sales, and transfers. This transparency plays a crucial role in preventing theft or ownership conflicts, as every transaction detail is documented and accessible to all involved parties.
7.Secure Custody Solutions
Protecting the underlying physical assets of tokens requires effective custody solutions. These solutions may involve physical security measures for concrete assets like real estate or secure storage for digital assets.
8.Trading Platforms and Markets
Trading platforms or markets are established as places where tokenized assets can be acquired, sold, and traded. Integration with crypto exchanges simplifies access for investors to trade these tokens.
9.Accessibility and Liquidity
Tokenizing physical assets increases accessibility and liquidity. Unlike traditional markets with strict trading restrictions and expensive entry barriers, investors can trade these tokens at any time, making them more easily accessible.
Examples of Real-World Asset (RWA) Tokenization
Fundamentally, there are several types of Real-World Asset (RWA) examples that can be integrated into the blockchain world through tokenization. Here are some examples of RWA tokenization to be aware of:
Stablecoin
Stablecoin is a crypto token pegged to the value of a fiat currency, such as the US Dollar or Euro. Stablecoins provide a stable currency alternative for transactions within the blockchain ecosystem.
Artworks
RWA examples include artworks represented in the form of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). For example, Andy Warhol's painting titled "Untitled (Banana)," created in 1985, was transformed into an NFT digital asset in 2021.
Real Estate
Real estate tokenization is a digital representation of physical properties. In this context, property assets are divided into tokens stored in a decentralized database, facilitating efficient ownership and trading.
Commodities
Tokenizing commodities enables investors to trade commodity stocks, such as gold, silver, and oil. For instance, Digix Gold Token (DGX) has a value linked to the price of physical gold stored in Digix vaults in Singapore.
Despite having a series of advantages, RWA is not without its drawbacks. Some important disadvantages of RWA to be noted include:
- Complex Regulatory Challenges: Tokenizing RWAs faces challenges from complex regulations. Real-world assets must comply with various financial regulations in different jurisdictions. Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) requirements are essential.
- Well-Regulated Connection with Physical Assets: Ensuring that tokens representing RWAs are fully connected and tied to the actual physical assets is crucial. Loss or ambiguity in this connection can pose problems related to the integrity and value of RWA tokens.
- DeFi Ecosystem Volatility: While RWA tokenization brings stability to the DeFi ecosystem, there is still a risk of volatility. Cryptocurrency and DeFi asset prices can experience significant fluctuations, affecting the value of underlying RWA assets and not making them entirely risk-free.
What are Real-World Asset (RWA) Projects?
With the continuous development of the DeFi ecosystem, more protocols and new projects emerge to support the tokenization of Real-World Assets (RWA). Here are some protocols and projects supporting RWA in the DeFi ecosystem:
- Maple Finance (MPL): Maple Finance is a DeFi protocol focused on decentralized lending using RWA as collateral, specifically catering to institutional borrowers.
- Centrifuge (CFG): Centrifuge is a protocol that integrates real-world assets (RWA) into the DeFi ecosystem, creating a more open and accessible financial system. The protocol emphasizes high security by implementing strict legal standards, KYC procedures, and technical audits to ensure security and reliability.
- Goldfinch (GFI): Goldfinch is a decentralized credit protocol that allows borrowing of crypto assets without requiring crypto collateral. Loans are secured off-chain. Goldfinch Finance focuses on lending to companies, especially lending funds and fintech companies, by providing credit loans in USDC.
- Realio Network (RIO): Realio Network is a distributed network aiming to modernize the storage, issuance, analysis, and exchange of asset tokens. It provides a solution for regulatory-compliant token issuance and offers complete infrastructure to support RWA tokenization.
Potential of Real-World Assets (RWA) in the DeFi Network
The potential use of RWAs in the DeFi ecosystem is considered promising. RWA tokenization has the capacity to shape a stronger and decentralized ecosystem. Here are some potential uses of RWA in the DeFi network to be aware of:
1.Enhanced Stability of Stablecoins
Stablecoins backed by RWAs can provide a higher level of value stability in the DeFi ecosystem, reducing the risk of volatility common in the crypto market.
2.Exposure to Real-World Assets
Through RWA tokenization, crypto asset holders have the opportunity to gain exposure to real-world assets, such as real estate or bonds, without physically owning those assets.
3.Improvement in DeFi Lending Protocols
DeFi lending protocols that accept Real-World Asset (RWA) collateral can attract more borrowers and real-world asset owners. This could drive growth in decentralized financial services.
It's worth noting that the use of RWAs in the DeFi ecosystem continues to evolve with the emergence of projects focusing on the tokenization of real-world assets. This potential opens up opportunities for further innovation.
*Disclaimer:
This content aims to enrich reader information. Always conduct independent research and use disposable income before investing. All buying, selling, and crypto asset investment activities are the reader's responsibility.
