Zero-Knowledge Proof Cryptographic Protocol (ZKP).
Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) technology is a type of cryptographic protocol that allows you to prove that a statement is true without revealing anything other than the veracity of the statement. For example, ZKP can be used to prove that you have a certain amount of money without showing the account balance, or that you know a password without saying what it is. ZKP has applications in various areas, such as privacy, security, digital identity and blockchain.
Zero-Knowledge Proof is based on the idea that the prover (the party who wants to prove something) and the verifier (the party who wants to verify it) can interact in such a way that the verifier can be convinced of the truth of the prover's claim, without the latter having to reveal any sensitive or secret data. To do this, mathematical algorithms are used that generate tests that can only be constructed by someone who knows the hidden information, but that do not reveal anything about it.
A classic example of Zero-Knowledge Proof, as explained on Wikipedia, is the cave with the magic door. In this example, Peggy wants to show Victor that she knows the secret word that opens a magic door in a circular cave, without telling him. To do this, Peggy enters through one of the two paths in the cave (A or B) and Victor asks her to exit through the other. Peggy can do it if she knows the secret word, opening the magic door and changing paths, but if she doesn't know it, she can only exit the same path she entered. By repeating this process several times, Victor can be sure that Peggy knows the secret word, without her having to reveal it.
There are different types of Zero-Knowledge Proof depending on the degree of interaction between the prover and the verifier, the level of trust required, and the computational complexity they involve. Some examples of ZKPs are non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs (NIZK), succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge (SNARK), transparent zero-knowledge proofs (STARK), and argument knowledge zero-knowledge proofs ( ZKBoo).
ZKP is a technology that offers great advantages for the protection of privacy and data security, as it allows the authenticity of information to be verified without exposing it. Additionally, it can reduce the amount of data that is transmitted and stored, which means greater efficiency and scalability. Zero-Knowledge Proof has great potential to improve various sectors and services, such as banking, e-commerce, health, education, digital identity and of course blockchain.
Zero-Knowledge Proof is applied in the blockchain to improve the privacy, security and scalability of transactions. With ZKP, the validity of a transaction can be verified without revealing the data involved, such as addresses, amounts or smart contracts. This protects the identity and confidentiality of users, as well as reducing the size and cost of transactions. Additionally, Zero-Knowledge Proof can facilitate interoperability between different blockchains by allowing cross-verification of data without the need to share it.
Some examples of projects that use Zero-Knowledge Proof on the blockchain are:
📌 Zcash: A cryptocurrency that uses ZKP to hide information on senders, recipients, and transaction values. Zcash uses a type of ZKP called zk-SNARK, which stands for Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Proof of Knowledge.
📌 StarkWare: a company that develops scaling solutions based on Zero-Knowledge Proof for blockchains like Ethereum. StarkWare uses a type of ZKP called STARK, which stands for Transparent Zero-Knowledge Proof.
📌 Manta Network: A programmable privacy protocol that uses Zero-Knowledge Proof to create anonymous and transferable digital assets. Manta Network uses a type of ZKP called Groth16, which is a variant of zk-SNARK.
Zero-Knowledge Proof's ability to verify the validity of transactions without revealing the data involved sets it apart from other blockchain privacy technologies that typically rely on the use of anonymous addresses, coin mixing, homomorphic encryption, or of second layer networks. However, ZKP also has some disadvantages compared to other privacy technologies:
📌 Anonymous addresses: Some cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, use anonymous addresses to hide the identity of users, but not the amount or destination of transactions. This means that the flow of coins can be traced and addresses linked to real identities using blockchain analysis or third-party information. ZKP, on the other hand, allows you to hide both the identity and the details of the transactions, which implies greater privacy and security.
📌 Coin Mixing: Some cryptocurrencies, such as Dash or Monero, use coin mixing to hide the origin and destination of transactions, using techniques such as CoinJoin, Ring Signatures or Stealth Addresses. However, these techniques may have limitations in efficiency, scalability, reliability, or resistance to attacks. ZKP, on the other hand, allows you to hide the origin and destination of transactions without depending on third parties, without increasing the size of the transactions and without compromising security.
📌 Homomorphic encryption: Some cryptocurrencies, such as Dusk Network or NuCypher, use homomorphic encryption to allow processing of encrypted data without the need to decrypt it. This implies greater privacy and security for users who want to carry out operations with sensitive data, such as smart contracts or storage services. However, homomorphic encryption may have limitations in the complexity, speed, and cost of operations. Zero-Knowledge Proof, on the other hand, allows you to verify the validity of operations without having to process the encrypted data, which implies greater efficiency and scalability.
📌 Second layer networks: some cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, use second layer networks to improve the privacy and scalability of transactions, through the use of techniques such as Lightning Network, Plasma or Raiden. These techniques consist of creating payment channels or sidechains that connect to the main chain, allowing transactions to be carried out off-chain and only recording the final result on-chain.
However, these techniques may have limitations in terms of interoperability, security, or usability. ZKP, on the other hand, allows improving the privacy and scalability of transactions within the chain, through the use of techniques such as zk-Rollups or zkEVM, which reduce the size and cost of transactions and increase the performance of the chain.
Other limitations related to Zero-Knowledge Proof technology are:
📌 The complexity: The implementation of ZKP requires a high level of knowledge and experience in cryptography, as well as the use of advanced mathematical algorithms and protocols. This can make ZKP-based systems difficult to develop, audit, and debug. Additionally, some types of ZKP may require initial configuration or prior trust between parties, which may introduce vulnerabilities or risks.
📌 Performance: Generating and verifying zero-knowledge proofs can consume a large amount of computational resources, which can impact the performance and scalability of ZKP-based systems. Although there are techniques to optimize and reduce the size and time of tests, these may involve an increase in complexity or a loss of generality.
📌 Compatibility: Integrating ZKP with other technologies or standards may present challenges or incompatibilities, especially when dealing with heterogeneous or interoperable systems. For example, some types of ZKP may not be compatible with certain consensus protocols, smart contracts, or programming languages. Additionally, some types of ZKP may not be suitable for certain scenarios or applications, depending on privacy, security, or functionality requirements.
