Political Science: Anatomy of Social Order

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Date [ edit | change source ]

Main article: History of political science
Although the term "political science" was conceptualized late as a separate field of social sciences , it is a phenomenon that has existed since ancient times to analyze political power and its effects on history. However, "political science" topics are examined within political philosophy . The modern discipline has a number of precursors, including moral philosophy , political economy , political theology , history , and other fields that deal with the normative determination of oughts and the deduction of the features and functions of the ideal state .

Methodology [ edit | change source ]

Political science is methodologically diverse and adopts many methods originating from psychology , social research, and cognitive neuroscience . Approaches include positivism , interpretivism  [ en ] , rational choice theory , behaviorism , structuralism , poststructuralism , philosophical realism , historical institutionalism  [ en ], and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses the methods and techniques it needs in its research: primary sources such as historical documents and official records , secondary sources such as scientific journal articles, research surveys, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and modeling are used.
Because political science is essentially the study of human behavior in any aspect of politics , observations in controlled settings are often difficult to reproduce or replicate, but experimental methods are nevertheless becoming increasingly common. [1] Abbott Lawrence Lowell, former president of the American Political Science Association , said, "We are limited by the impossibility of experimentation. Politics is not an experimental science, but an observational science." He referred to this difficulty by saying. [2] Therefore, political scientists have historically observed political elites, institutions, and individual and group behavior to identify patterns, make generalizations, and construct political theories.

International relations [ edit | change source ]

Main article: International relations
It is the branch of science that examines the relations between actors operating internationally. International relations as a science was born in Aberystwyth , Wales, in 1919 , but developed in Britain in its early years. The dominant school of discipline in this period is idealism. After the war, the center of gravity shifted to the USA and the dominant paradigm became realism. Influenced by the behavioral revolution in the 1960s, the discipline was later divided into many subfields. Today, with the adoption of the postmodern approach, international relations have gained a different dimension, and states have begun to include individual initiatives when producing policies. After liberalism and neo-realism, constructivism, poststructuralism and dependency studies revealed the most important schools. Additionally, in the Neo-Gramscian school, international relations are examined from a critical perspective.

Prediction of crises [ edit | change source ]

The theory of political transitions [3]' s methods of analyzing and predicting crises [2] constitute an important part of political science. [4] Various general crisis indicators and methods have been proposed to predict critical transitions. [5] Among them, a statistical indicator of crisis, simultaneous variance increase and correlations for crisis expectation have been proposed and can be used successfully in various fields. [6] Its applicability for the early diagnosis of political crises has been proven by analysis of the prolonged period of stress before the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis. In the pre-crisis years there was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation (by about 64%) as well as in their statistical dispersion (by 29%) among the 19 major public fears in Ukrainian society. [7] Although a feature shared by some major revolutions is their unpredictability, the theory of the apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions has also been developed. [8]

Recent developments [ edit | change source ]

The Perestroika Movement , which was born in 2000 as a reaction to the so-called mathematization of political science , came to the fore by advocating that political science should be studied  with multiple methodologies and approaches and that it should be more compatible with fields outside the discipline. [9]
Some evolutionary psychology theories have argued that humans have developed a highly sophisticated set of psychological mechanisms for engaging in politics. However, these mechanisms evolved to deal with small group politics, such as the family environment, and not the large political structures in today's world. It is argued that this explains many important features of current politics and systematic cognitive biases . [10]

Workspaces [ edit | change source ]

• comparative politics
• political theory
• Local Governments
• international relations
• political economy
• Public administration

Works of the Political Scientist: Analysis and Interpretation of Social Order

Political scientists are experts who examine and interpret the structure, functioning and change of the social order. Using this discipline, they use a variety of tools and methodologies to understand political systems, interstate relations and social movements.

Research and Analysis

Political scientists conduct extensive research to study social phenomena. These studies may often include analysis of historical data, public opinion surveys, in-depth interviews and field studies. Using these studies, political scientists analyze the functioning of political systems, voter behavior, politicians' decision-making processes, and similar issues.

Policy Evaluation and Consultancy

Political scientists provide policy recommendations to policy makers and decision makers. These recommendations can be used to evaluate current policy problems, recommend policy changes, or improve policy implementation. Political scientists can help policymakers support their decisions by basing them on scientific data.

Education and Training

Political scientists teach and teach at universities or research institutes. They teach students the basic concepts, theories and methods of political science by giving courses at undergraduate and graduate levels. They also provide graduate students with academic research skills and guide their own research projects.

Public Disclosure and Media Comments

Political scientists frequently appear on media platforms to inform the public and comment on political events. They appear on television shows, conduct radio interviews, write newspaper articles and produce content on digital media platforms. In this way, they inform a wide audience about political issues and contribute to social debates.

Political Consultancy and Campaign Strategies

Political scientists may provide political consulting services for political parties, candidates or non-governmental organizations. These services may include planning election campaigns, strategic communications, voter analysis and political messaging. Through these consulting services, political scientists help political actors act effectively and better understand their target audiences.


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