In this review the biggest technical and economic challenges posed by green hydrogen will be discussed.

Economic Challenges

Cost:

Currently, the production of green hydrogen through electrolysis is more expensive compared to conventional methods, such as steam methane reforming. The high cost is primarily due to the capital-intensive nature of electrolysis equipment and the relatively low efficiency of the process. Scaling up production and advancing electrolysis technologies are crucial to reducing costs and making green hydrogen more economically competitive.

Costs of Electrolysis:

The primary method for producing green hydrogen involves electrolysis, where water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. The cost of electrolysis, especially using proton exchange membrane (PEM) or alkaline electrolyzers, remains relatively high compared to other hydrogen production methods. Reducing the capital and operational costs of electrolysis is crucial for making green hydrogen economically competitive.

Storage and Distribution:

Hydrogen is challenging to store and transport efficiently due to its low energy density and small molecular size. Developing cost-effective and safe storage solutions, as well as a reliable distribution network, is crucial for the widespread use of green hydrogen

Investment and Funding: Significant investment is required to develop and deploy green hydrogen technologies. Securing funding and investments for research, development, and commercial projects is essential for overcoming financial barriers and driving innovation in the sector.

Renewable Energy Integration:

Green hydrogen production relies on renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. However, the intermittent nature of these energy sources presents challenges for consistent and reliable hydrogen production. Integrating renewable energy into the grid and developing energy storage solutions to balance supply and demand are necessary to ensure a steady and cost-effective supply of green hydrogen.

Infrastructure Development:

The widespread adoption of green hydrogen requires the development of a dedicated infrastructure, including hydrogen production facilities, storage systems, and transportation networks. Building this infrastructure involves significant upfront investments and poses logistical challenges. It also requires coordination between various stakeholders, including policymakers, energy companies, and infrastructure developers.

Scaling Up:

Currently, the production of green hydrogen is relatively small-scale, limiting its overall impact. Scaling up production to meet the growing demand requires substantial investments in both production capacity and supporting infrastructure. Additionally, ensuring the availability of renewable resources and optimizing electrolysis technologies at a larger scale are key technical challenges that need to be addressed.

Technical challenges

Technological Advancements:

The efficiency and performance of electrolysis technologies need to be improved to enhance the overall cost-effectiveness of green hydrogen production. Research and development efforts are focused on developing more efficient and durable electrolyzers, reducing catalyst costs, and exploring alternative electrolysis methods. Advancements in these areas will contribute to lowering the cost and increasing the competitiveness of green hydrogen.

Supply Chain Logistics:

Establishing a robust and efficient supply chain for green hydrogen involves addressing challenges related to transportation, storage, and distribution. Hydrogen has different properties compared to conventional fuels, requiring specialized infrastructure and handling mechanisms. Moreover, ensuring the availability of hydrogen across different locations and sectors requires careful planning and coordination.

Market Demand and Infrastructure Compatibility:

Creating sufficient market demand for green hydrogen is crucial for its widespread adoption. This requires developing end-use applications and ensuring compatibility with existing infrastructure, such as hydrogen-powered vehicles, industrial processes, and heating systems. Encouraging market uptake and incentivizing the transition to green hydrogen can help drive the necessary investments in infrastructure and technology development.

Water Usage and Purity:

The electrolysis process requires a source of water, and the production of high-purity hydrogen demands purified water. Access to sufficient water resources, as well as the development of water purification technologies, is crucial. Additionally, managing the environmental impact of water use and ensuring sustainable water practices are important considerations.

Material Availability and Recycling:

The production of electrolyzers and other components of green hydrogen technology relies on specific materials, such as platinum for catalysts. Ensuring a sustainable supply of these materials and developing efficient recycling methods to reduce waste and environmental impact are challenges that need attention.

Energy Transmission Losses:

Hydrogen has relatively low energy density compared to fossil fuels, and transporting or transmitting hydrogen over long distances can result in energy losses. Addressing efficiency issues in the transmission and distribution of hydrogen, as well as exploring innovative transportation methods, is important for maximizing the benefits of green hydrogen.

Public Awareness and Acceptance:

Public perception and acceptance of hydrogen technologies, particularly green hydrogen, play a crucial role in their successful adoption. Raising awareness about the benefits of green hydrogen, dispelling misconceptions, and fostering public support through education are essential components of a successful transition.

International Collaboration and Standardization:

The development of a global green hydrogen market requires international collaboration and the establishment of common standards. Harmonizing regulations, safety protocols, and industry practices will facilitate cross-border trade and investment in green hydrogen projects.

You can also check this links for more understanding:

1. https://sustainability.crugroup.com/article/green-ammonia-fuel-faces-three-big-challenges
2. https://www.nature.com/articles/s44160-023-00321-7