A GENERAL EVALUATION, CONCERNS AND THE FUTURE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The concept of 'Artificial Intelligence' arouses curiosity in many people when they first hear it, whether they are academicians, teachers, students or businessmen. If we are asked why, we can answer that it is an abstract concept such as intelligence being characterized with artificial. Despite the curiosity that the concept arouses, many people do not have serious knowledge about its content or the issues it represents. The topics and components talked about around artificial intelligence are artificial neural networks, expert systems, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. There are many disciplines that embrace artificial intelligence. Some of them are computer engineering, philosophy, cognitive science, electronic sciences. There are not many Turkish resources on artificial intelligence. If this small volume of work can help those who have no knowledge on this subject to provide concise information and to clear up the confusion in the minds of those with knowledge, it will have achieved its purpose. The flow of this research will be the definition of 'artificial intelligence', its chronological development to the present day after obtaining a common understanding, artificial intelligence techniques, application areas, its future and finally a collective evaluation.
In 1965, Prof. from the University of California Berkeley. Dr. It became known when Lotfi A. Zadeh published his first articles. Instead of 0-1 binary logic, fuzzy logic talks about multi-valued ideas and applications that can accept and apply intermediate values. Instead of right and wrong, it displays expansions such as a little right and a little wrong. He talks about working with gray tones rather than black and white. He developed the concept of degree of membership in fuzzy logic set theory. For example, while a 25-year-old person is 100% a member of the youth group, a 60-year-old person is 30% a member. Although such an initiative is based on subjective data, it has gained many supporters due to the flexibility it provides and the ability to offer better solutions to real-life events. While the West, which wanted clarity, initially opposed fuzzy logic, the Eastern world, especially Japan, adopted this idea and opened research laboratories on it. Today, household appliances, various parts of cars and electronic devices that work with fuzzy logic are produced.
Yapay zeka felsefesini ilk ortaya çıkaran kişi ünlü ingiliz mantık ve matematikçisi Alan Turing’dir. Dartmouth konferansından altı yıl önce, yani 1950 yılında Turing, Mind adlı felsefe dergisinin Ağustos sayısında “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” adlı bir makale yayınlamıştır. Bu makalede Turing “Makineler düşünebilir mi?” sorusunu dikkatli bir felsefi tartışmaya açmış ve makineler düşünebilir iddiasına karşı olan itirazları reddetmiştir. 1936 yılında Turing bilgisayar tasarımının mantıki temelleri üzerine bir makale yazmıştır. Bu makalenin konusu matematiksel mantığın soyut bir problemi ile ilgilidir ve bu problemi çözerken Turing bugün Turing makinesi diye adlandırılan, program depo eden genel amaçlı bilgisayarı kuramsal olarak icat etmeyi başarmıştır. Turing makinesi kuramsal bir hesap makinesi olup hesaplarını karelere bölünmüş ve her karede yalnızca bir sembol bulunabilen bir bant aracı ile yapar. Sadece sonlu sayıda içsel durumları vardır.
Alan Turing also developed a test called the Turing test, which measures whether a computer or other system has the same mental abilities as humans. Broadly speaking, this test measures whether an expert can distinguish between the performance of a machine and that of a human. If it cannot distinguish, the machine has the same mental ability as humans. In this test, a human and a computer are hidden from the experimenter. The experimenter communicates with both of them without knowing which one he is communicating with. The questions asked by the experimenter and the answers given by the subjects are written on a screen. The aim is for the experimenter to find out, through appropriate questioning, which of the subjects is a human and which is a computer. If the experimenter cannot reliably say this, then the computer passes the Turing test and is assumed to be as cognitively capable as humans. Understanding and being aware is the work of the mind given to human beings. It is obvious that machines cannot be given intelligence. The issue being addressed is whether intelligence and its functions can be brought to machines. Research mostly focuses on this. Once we have a general idea about artificial intelligence, we can move on to its application areas.
John SEARLE from the University of California designed a thought experiment to show that computers cannot think. Imagine you are locked in a room and there are baskets with Chinese signs on them. But you don't know Chinese. But you have a rule book that explains Chinese signs in English. The rules explain Chinese completely formally, that is, in accordance with the syntax. Then suppose more Chinese symbols are brought into the room and you are given further rules for taking the Chinese symbols out of the room. Symbols that are brought into the room and unknown to you are asked as 'questions' by those outside the room, and symbols that you are asked to take out of the room are called questions.
Although it is still debated whether artificial intelligence can be compared to the features of the human brain such as thinking, reacting and interacting, it can be said that today's software and hardware are gradually getting closer to human understanding. There are those who think that if developments in the field of computer technology continue to progress at their current pace, a computer with the processing power of people all over the world will be produced in 2021. Anxiety about the emergence of a being superior to oneself can be triggered by artificial intelligence. In this regard, the concepts of mind and intelligence should not be confused. We would like the idea of systems that cook for us, designs that do our shopping, do our research and leave us only to think and decide. As a result, it is clear that artificial intelligence will be of great benefit to humanity and individuals. As time goes by, the value of human beings will be understood and intensified in subjects that involve thinking, reasoning, understanding, and producing new ideas. It is as if all technological developments tend to place humans on the throne of kings. Moreover, as Pedagogue Ali Çankırılı said, “The computer obeys the orders given by its master; "He is a slave with a high IQ and a low EQ."