Electrical Energy
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Energy is an abstract concept. That's why we can't see it but we should be aware of its existence., When you heat the water it boils and this proves the existence of heat energy to us. Falling water from a high point rotates turbines and this indicates that it has potential energy.
One of the basic energy law of physics; "energy can neither be created nor destroyed" is. But the energy can be converted to other types of energy. The production of electrical energy is based on this simple principle.
There are three kinds of main energy sources.
1. Water energy is called hydraulic,
2. Coal, oil and gas energy is called thermal,
3. Nucleus of atom energy is called nuclear energy.
Also there are various of the alternative (renewable) energy sources. (Wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, solar cells, waste etc.)
Alternative energy sources can not be substituted instead of the main energy sources. Because they will fail to provide the main energy source’s most important criteria "sustainability". That is why uninterrupted and achieved without any contingent base load energy, are called resources.
As an indispensable source of energy, the electrical energy, which produces, transmits and distributes the organization task; seamless, low-cost and high quality service is offered to the consumer. Power quality concept in fixed frequency; are the voltage constant and sinusoidal-shaped end.
Increased demand of electrical energy; has revealed more reliable, affordable and a better quality of energy. As in all fields of the electrical energy, the total quality is a very important factor.
For the good quality of electric energy,
• The continuity of energy,
• Voltage and frequency stability,
• Power factor (should be close to one),
• Balanced Phase voltage,
• Certain value of the harmonic current and voltage,
are the main criteria.
As the opposite of this definition, the voltage amplitude changes, outages, voltage impulses, correct tension, the fliker items (away from the sinus wave shape), frequency changes, three phase imbalances show us the bad quality of energy.
SOME ELECTRIC POWER UNIT
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
In 1672, Otto von Guericke (1602-1686), made a device that rotates a sphere made of sulphur. By holding a piece of wool to the rotating part of the sphere , he used a spark. This is the first device known that produces static electricity through friction.
1729, Stephen Gray (1696 – 1736), discovered that the metals are conductors and the non-metals are non-conductors.
1745, Peter Van Musschenbroek invented the ‘’Leyden jar’’which consists of a water-filled glass jar and a submersed metal bar in it and so that it can store electricity. This is the first capacitor known in the history.
1746, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) discovered the principle of conservation of charges and identified the positive and negative electrical charges.
1752, Benjamin Franklin managed to fill the bottle of Leyden from a cloud by flying a kite made of a silk rope in a thundersquall weather. Thus he related lightning and electricity. This experiment led to invention of lighting conductor.
1759, Aepinus (1724-1802) made a parallel-plated capacitor.
1770s , Henry Cavendish theorized potential difference, zero reference point, ground etc. and he shed light on Coulomb and Ohm's studies.
1785, Coulomb, by using his weighing device, showed that push or pull forces between two electirical charges are directly proportionate to the multiplication of charges and are inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them experimentally. In electricity, Coulomb's law is the equivalent of Newton's law of gravitation.
1794, Physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), acquired electrical current by putting salt mixed liquid between zinc and silver plates.
1796, John Frederick Daniell (1790-1845), found out the primitive construction design of today’s battery by using different electrode materials.
1819, Hans Christian Oersted (1775-1851), passed an electrical current through a metalwire and concluded that the current created a magnetic field around the wire. He proved the relationship between the electricity and magnetism by creation of magnetic field with electrical current.
1819, Famous mathematician, and physicist André Marie Ampére (1775-1836), formulated the relationship between electrical current and the magnetic field which is called the Ampere Law and descibes the phenomenon of Oersted. The founder of electrodynamics Ampére also developed the electrical measuring techniques and he invented a measuring device. Dedicated to the memory of himself, Amp (I)is used as the unit of electrical current.
1827, Physicist George Simon Ohm (1789-1854), formulated that the electrical current flowing through a conductor circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance between the two ends of the conductor. Dedicated to the memory of himself, Ohm (Ω) is named as the unit of electrical resistance after him.
1829, Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878) was able to lift the metal more than a ton by creating a strong magnetic field with a bobbin made of a wire covered around an iron core.
1831, Michael Faraday,one of the most important chemist and physicist (1791 – 1867), generated electicity with the help of a steam machine by rotating a copper plate in a magnetic field created by a magnet. This is known as the first generator.
1831, Joseph Henry, by reversing Faraday's discovery, he managed to turn a circle of copper by passing a electrical current through a magnetic field. This is an electrical motor and this is the first time in history, that a job was done by giving power to the machines with electrical energy.
1833, Physicist Wilhelm Weber (1804-1891) and Karl Friedrich Gauss (177-1851), managed the first telegraph communication between two buildings.
1834, Physicist Heinrich Lenz (1804-1865), states that a flowing electrical current has a resistor in the opposite direction. It is known as his theory of Lenz Law.
1841, James Prescott Joule, Physicist (1818-1889), he discovered the relationship between heat and mechanical work. This led to the theory of conservation of energy, and the development of the first law of thermodynamics. Dedicated to the memory of himself, Joule is used as the unit of work. Together with Lord Kelvin, they theorized the scale of absolute temperature. Joule's law of electric current through a resistance, known as the heat emitted by the invention of his own.
1845, Physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), published the laws which are "the sum of the currents in and out to a point is zero. I. Kirchhoff's law "," in a closed circuit, the sum of the voltage that was spent, equals the sum of the supplied voltage. II. Kirchhoff's law "
1851, Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (1803-1877), double-wound Induction coil was found. This invention has lead to the development of the AC transformer.
1876, Charles Francis Brush (1849-1929), found the open coil dinamo which can produce electrical operating current.
1879, Edison applied for a patent for the carbon incandescent lamp. In a few years this lamps were glowing on the streets of New York.
1880, The first company was founded to sell electricity in San Francisco. (California Electric Light Company)
1882, The world's first central power plant direct current (DC) power system ''The Pearl Street Station'' in New York was opened by Thomas Edison.
1882, The first hydroelectric power stations started production in Wisconsin.
In 1883, Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil that could convert voltage and transmit electricity over long distances using alternating current.
In 1884, Charles Algernon Parsons created the first successful steam turbine electric generator.
In 1886, William Stanley, Jr. developed an induction coil transformer and alternating system.
1887, Physicists, electrical and mechanical engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) alternating current generator found. He could easily be transmitted long distances so that the electrical energy.
1889, the first commercial long distance direct current with the city of Portland Willamette Falls PTL production facilities was established between.
In 1891, Washington's Ellensburg introduced the first municipal electric system in the Northwest. Four years later, Niagara Falls saw the establishment of the first generator producing alternating current.
In 1897, Physicist Sir Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron.
By 1900, high voltage PTL reached 60 kilovolts.
In 1908, The first complex production facility was built on the Columbia River.
In 1923 Photoelectric cells were discovered.
In 1953, the first 345 kilovolt power transmission line was established, followed by the operation of the world's first nuclear power plant in Russia in 1954.
In 2000, Scotland commissioned the first plant, energy generated from sea waves.
In 2014, the ITER research presented promising advancements in fusion energy, which could be utilized for commercial purposes in the next 10-15 years.
ELECTRIC POWER
Electric power is the rate of transferring electric energy in an electric circuit. Thats measured in watts and represented by "P". Wattage is colloquially used to denote electric power in watts. The formula for electric power is P = work done per unit time = QV/t = I V
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts
