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AGR 102 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE II
CBT QUESTIONS (1–50)
Agricultural development in West Africa began independently around: A. 500–100 BC B. 2000–1000 BC C. 3000–2500 BC D. 100–500 AD
Answer: B
Which of the following crops was among the earliest domesticated in West Africa? A. Wheat B. Barley C. Pearl millet D. Rye
Answer: C
Agriculture is regarded as the backbone of many West African countries because it: A. Produces only export crops B. Provides food and raw materials C. Eliminates all poverty D. Replaces industries
Answer: B
The farming system that involves clearing, burning, cultivating, and relocating is called: A. Intercropping B. Monoculture C. Shifting cultivation D. Plantation farming
Answer: C
Shifting cultivation is also known as: A. Mechanized farming B. Slash-and-burn agriculture C. Ranching D. Crop rotation
Answer: B
Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land simultaneously is known as: A. Bush fallowing B. Monoculture C. Intercropping D. Plantation farming
Answer: C
Intercropping is also referred to as: A. Mixed farming B. Mixed cropping C. Ranching D. Fallowing
Answer: B
One major advantage of intercropping is: A. Increased pest attack B. Reduction in crop failure C. Soil erosion D. Lower productivity
Answer: B
Monoculture involves: A. Growing many crops together B. Rearing livestock only C. Growing the same crop repeatedly on the same land D. Leaving land fallow
Answer: C
A major disadvantage of monoculture is: A. Reduced yields B. Increased biodiversity C. Soil depletion and pest buildup D. Lower mechanization
Answer: C
Bush fallowing is practiced mainly to: A. Increase taxes B. Allow vegetation and soil to recover C. Promote erosion D. Reduce productivity
Answer: B
West Africa became a major center for independent crop domestication of: A. Wheat and oats B. Millet, yam, rice, and cowpea C. Barley and rye D. Tea and coffee
Answer: B
Early agriculture in West Africa was mainly: A. Industrial B. Commercial C. Subsistence D. Mechanized
Answer: C
Which of the following was a major local trade commodity in early West Africa? A. Palm oil B. Aircraft parts C. Petroleum D. Cement
Answer: A
Groundnut was introduced into Senegal by the: A. French B. Portuguese C. British D. Germans
Answer: C
Cotton was introduced into Mali by the: A. British B. French C. Portuguese D. Dutch
Answer: B
Cocoa was introduced into Ghana by the: A. Portuguese B. British C. French D. Germans
Answer: A
Colonial agriculture mainly emphasized: A. Food crops B. Export cash crops C. Livestock only D. Fisheries
Answer: B
Large plantations during the colonial era were established mainly for: A. Research B. Livestock C. Cash crop production D. Irrigation
Answer: C
Contour ploughing was introduced mainly to: A. Increase taxes B. Control soil erosion C. Reduce labour D. Increase imports
Answer: B
The period of major cash crop expansion was: A. 1500–1600 B. 1880–1930 C. 1950–1960 D. 2000–2020
Answer: B
Cocoa became dominant in: A. Ghana and Nigeria B. Niger and Chad C. Mali and Senegal D. Liberia and Benin
Answer: A
Groundnut flourished particularly in: A. Ghana and Togo B. Senegal and Nigeria C. Liberia and Sierra Leone D. Guinea and Benin
Answer: B
Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) were initiated in: A. 1940s B. 1950s C. 1970s D. 1990s
Answer: C
ADP stands for: A. Agricultural Development Projects B. Agricultural Development Programme C. Agricultural Development Policy D. Agricultural Distribution Project
Answer: A
ECOWAS focuses on improving: A. Military power B. Agricultural productivity C. Oil exploration D. Mining
Answer: B
CAADP means: A. Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme B. Central African Agricultural Development Programme C. Common Agricultural Development Project D. Cooperative Agriculture Development Plan
Answer: A
WAAPP stands for: A. West African Agricultural Productivity Program B. West African Agricultural Productivity Programme C. West Africa Agricultural Policy Project D. West African Agro Processing Programme
Answer: B
Climate change affects agriculture through: A. Droughts and floods B. Increased textbooks C. Reduced sunlight only D. More roads
Answer: A
A major challenge facing West African agriculture is: A. Excess infrastructure B. Land tenure issues C. Excess credit D. Too many markets
Answer: B
Agricultural systems are influenced by: A. Climate B. Soil type C. Cultural practices D. All of the above
Answer: D
The system of land ownership is called: A. Crop rotation B. Land tenure C. Irrigation D. Grazing
Answer: B
Poor land tenure arrangements discourage: A. Long-term investment B. Farming C. Trade D. Harvesting
Answer: A
Lack of infrastructure may lead to: A. Better marketing B. Food shortages C. Increased storage D. Higher efficiency
Answer: B
Farmers without access to finance often struggle to purchase: A. Fertilizer B. Seeds C. Machinery D. All of the above
Answer: D
Environmental pollution from agriculture may cause: A. Soil erosion B. Water contamination C. Air pollution D. All of the above
Answer: D
NCRI stands for: A. National Cereals Research Institute B. National Crop Research Institute C. National Cereal Resources Institute D. National Crop Resource Institute
Answer: A
IAR stands for: A. Institute of Agricultural Resources B. Institute for Agricultural Research C. International Agricultural Research D. Institute of Agro Research
Answer: B
CRIN specializes in research on: A. Cocoa B. Rubber C. Rice D. Cotton
Answer: A
NIFOR is responsible for research on: A. Cocoa B. Oil palm C. Rice D. Rubber
Answer: B
FRIN specializes in: A. Forestry and wildlife management B. Rice production C. Cocoa processing D. Livestock production
Answer: A
RRI conducts research on: A. Rice B. Rubber C. Wheat D. Maize
Answer: B
NRCRI is located in: A. Umudike B. Zaria C. Ibadan D. Benin
Answer: A
NIHORT specializes in: A. Livestock B. Fisheries C. Horticultural crops D. Forestry
Answer: C
LCRI is located in: A. Ibadan B. Zaria C. Maiduguri D. Lagos
Answer: C
IITA stands for: A. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture B. International Institute for Tropical Agronomy C. Institute of Tropical Agriculture D. International Agro Institute
Answer: A
ILRI stands for: A. International Livestock Research Institute B. International Land Research Institute C. Institute for Livestock Research D. International Livestock Resources Institute
Answer: A
ICRISAT focuses on: A. Semi-arid tropics B. Forestry C. Fisheries D. Wildlife
Answer: A
WARDA is associated with: A. Cocoa development B. Rice development C. Rubber production D. Forestry
Answer: B
Research institutes contribute to agriculture by: A. Developing improved varieties B. Improving farming practices C. Enhancing post-harvest processing D. All of the above
Answer: D
AGR 102 – INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE II
CBT QUESTIONS (51–150)
51. The primary factor of agricultural production is:
A. Labour
B. Capital
C. Land
D. Management
Answer: C
52. Land is described as:
A. Mobile
B. Immobile
C. Temporary
D. Consumable
Answer: B
53. Soil fertility directly affects:
A. Crop yield
B. Rainfall
C. Labour supply
D. Marketing
Answer: A
54. Which soil texture is generally ideal for crop production?
A. Loamy
B. Rocky
C. Gravelly
D. Saline
Answer: A
55. Clay soil is known for:
A. Poor water retention
B. High leaching
C. Good water retention
D. No nutrient holding capacity
Answer: C
56. Sandy soil generally has:
A. High water retention
B. Poor drainage
C. Rapid drainage
D. High clay content
Answer: C
57. Soil pH affects:
A. Nutrient availability
B. Rainfall
C. Labour supply
D. Marketing
Answer: A
58. Most crops prefer soil that is:
A. Strongly acidic
B. Strongly alkaline
C. Slightly acidic to neutral
D. Salty
Answer: C
59. Topography refers to:
A. Crop variety
B. Land shape and slope
C. Soil colour
D. Climate
Answer: B
60. Flat land is best suited for:
A. Erosion
B. Mechanization
C. Desertification
D. Fallowing
Answer: B
61. Steep slopes are prone to:
A. Flooding only
B. Erosion
C. Salinity
D. Fertility increase
Answer: B
62. Large consolidated farms promote:
A. Mechanization
B. Fragmentation
C. Labour shortage
D. Soil erosion
Answer: A
63. Land tenure influences:
A. Security of ownership
B. Long-term investment
C. Farm development
D. All of the above
Answer: D
64. Labour refers to:
A. Natural resources
B. Human effort
C. Machinery
D. Capital
Answer: B
65. Labour may be:
A. Physical only
B. Mental only
C. Physical and mental
D. Mechanical
Answer: C
66. Family labour is provided mainly by:
A. Contractors
B. Government
C. Household members
D. Cooperatives
Answer: C
67. Hired labour may be:
A. Permanent or temporary
B. Imported only
C. Volunteer only
D. Family based
Answer: A
68. The most labour-intensive farm operation is:
A. Weeding
B. Marketing
C. Irrigation
D. Packaging
Answer: A
69. Rural-urban migration causes:
A. Increased labour supply
B. Labour shortage
C. More mechanization
D. More rainfall
Answer: B
70. Peak labour demand occurs during:
A. Harvesting and planting
B. Marketing only
C. Storage only
D. Processing only
Answer: A
71. Female labour is commonly involved in:
A. Weeding
B. Planting
C. Agrochemical application
D. All of the above
Answer: D
72. Male labour often dominates:
A. Harvesting
B. Land clearing
C. Storage
D. Processing
Answer: B
73. Efficient labour increases:
A. Crop yield
B. Post-harvest losses
C. Farm debt
D. Soil erosion
Answer: A
74. Poor training of labour results in:
A. Higher productivity
B. Better management
C. Lower yield
D. Increased rainfall
Answer: C
75. Skilled labour is essential for:
A. Technology adoption
B. Deforestation
C. Bush burning
D. Fallowing
Answer: A
76. Rising labour costs can:
A. Improve profitability
B. Reduce profitability
C. Increase rainfall
D. Improve soil fertility
Answer: B
77. Aging farm populations generally:
A. Improve productivity
B. Reduce productivity
C. Increase fertility
D. Increase mechanization
Answer: B
78. HIV/AIDS may affect agriculture through:
A. Increased rainfall
B. Labour shortage
C. Better yields
D. More capital
Answer: B
79. Capital refers to:
A. Human effort
B. Man-made assets
C. Natural resources
D. Climate
Answer: B
80. Examples of capital include:
A. Tractors
B. Buildings
C. Machinery
D. All of the above
Answer: D
81. Capital helps to:
A. Increase efficiency
B. Increase output
C. Reduce labour dependence
D. All of the above
Answer: D
82. Fixed capital is:
A. Consumed in one season
B. Long-lasting
C. Temporary
D. Perishable
Answer: B
83. Which is an example of fixed capital?
A. Fertilizer
B. Seed
C. Tractor
D. Feed
Answer: C
84. Farm buildings are classified as:
A. Working capital
B. Fixed capital
C. Natural resources
D. Labour
Answer: B
85. Irrigation systems are examples of:
A. Fixed capital
B. Labour
C. Variable capital
D. Soil resources
Answer: A
86. Fixed capital suffers from:
A. Germination
B. Depreciation
C. Irrigation
D. Rotation
Answer: B
87. Working capital is:
A. Long-term
B. Seasonal
C. Permanent
D. Fixed
Answer: B
88. Working capital must be:
A. Replaced regularly
B. Ignored
C. Stored permanently
D. Conserved forever
Answer: A
89. Seeds belong to:
A. Labour
B. Fixed capital
C. Working capital
D. Land
Answer: C
90. Fertilizers are examples of:
A. Working capital
B. Fixed capital
C. Labour
D. Land
Answer: A
91. Fuel used by tractors is:
A. Fixed capital
B. Working capital
C. Labour
D. Land
Answer: B
92. Payment to labourers is classified under:
A. Wages
B. Rent
C. Interest
D. Profit
Answer: A
93. Working capital ensures:
A. Production continuity
B. Deforestation
C. Soil erosion
D. Flooding
Answer: A
94. The amount of working capital available influences:
A. Production scale
B. Rainfall
C. Temperature
D. Soil texture
Answer: A
95. Management is regarded as the:
A. First factor
B. Second factor
C. Fourth factor
D. Fifth factor
Answer: C
96. Management coordinates:
A. Land
B. Labour
C. Capital
D. All of the above
Answer: D
97. The entrepreneur in agriculture is often called:
A. Farm manager
B. Labourer
C. Trader
D. Consumer
Answer: A
98. Decision-making involves deciding:
A. What to produce
B. How to produce
C. When to harvest
D. All of the above
Answer: D
99. Agricultural management bears risks associated with:
A. Weather
B. Pests
C. Price fluctuation
D. All of the above
Answer: D
100. Record keeping helps evaluate:
A. Farm performance
B. Rainfall
C. Soil pH
D. Humidity
Answer: A
101. Strategic planning is concerned with:
A. Long-term growth
B. Immediate harvesting only
C. Soil testing only
D. Marketing only
Answer: A
102. Good management improves:
A. Productivity
B. Efficiency
C. Profitability
D. All of the above
Answer: D
103. Management assists in securing:
A. Loans
B. Grants
C. Capital
D. All of the above
Answer: D
104. Knowledge and skills improve:
A. Technical efficiency
B. Productivity
C. Decision-making
D. All of the above
Answer: D
105. Precision farming is an example of:
A. Technical proficiency
B. Labour shortage
C. Capital depreciation
D. Bush fallowing
Answer: A
106. Operational skills include:
A. Repairing machinery
B. Maintaining machinery
C. Operating machinery
D. All of the above
Answer: D
107. Entrepreneurship involves:
A. Taking risks
B. Identifying opportunities
C. Managing agribusinesses
D. All of the above
Answer: D
108. Environmental factors directly influence:
A. Yield potential
B. Crop suitability
C. Livestock health
D. All of the above
Answer: D
109. Environmental factors are classified into:
A. Climatic
B. Edaphic
C. Biotic
D. All of the above
Answer: D
110. Rainfall primarily determines:
A. Cropping season
B. Labour supply
C. Market demand
D. Farm records
Answer: A
111. Lack of rainfall leads to:
A. Waterlogging
B. Drought
C. Fertility increase
D. Humidity increase
Answer: B
112. Excessive rainfall may cause:
A. Waterlogging
B. Drought
C. Salinity
D. Wildfire
Answer: A
113. Temperature affects:
A. Physiological processes
B. Crop growth
C. Animal productivity
D. All of the above
Answer: D
114. High temperature may cause:
A. Premature fruit drop
B. Reduced livestock fertility
C. Both A and B
D. None
Answer: C
115. Sunlight is essential for:
A. Respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Marketing
D. Processing
Answer: B
116. Relative humidity affects:
A. Transpiration
B. Crop marketing
C. Mechanization
D. Storage only
Answer: A
117. High humidity encourages:
A. Disease pathogens
B. Soil erosion
C. Capital formation
D. Irrigation
Answer: A
118. Wind assists in:
A. Pollination
B. Seed dispersal
C. Humidity regulation
D. All of the above
Answer: D
119. High wind velocity may cause:
A. Crop damage
B. Erosion
C. Both A and B
D. None
Answer: C
120. Edaphic factors relate to:
A. Soil
B. Climate
C. Labour
D. Markets
Answer: A
121. Soil texture influences:
A. Drainage
B. Aeration
C. Water holding capacity
D. All of the above
Answer: D
122. Soil fertility determines:
A. Nutrient availability
B. Crop growth
C. Yield
D. All of the above
Answer: D
123. Biotic factors refer to:
A. Living organisms
B. Machinery
C. Climate
D. Capital
Answer: A
124. Soil organisms contribute to:
A. Humus formation
B. Fertility improvement
C. Decomposition
D. All of the above
Answer: D
125. Bacteria and fungi help:
A. Build roads
B. Form humus
C. Produce machines
D. Reduce fertility
Answer: B
126. Pests and parasites reduce:
A. Crop quality
B. Crop quantity
C. Animal production
D. All of the above
Answer: D
127. Pathogens include:
A. Fungi
B. Bacteria
C. Viruses
D. All of the above
Answer: D
128. Pathogens generally cause:
A. Increased yield
B. Disease
C. Better quality
D. More rainfall
Answer: B
129. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes:
A. Soil conservation
B. Environmental protection
C. Productivity
D. All of the above
Answer: D
130. Regular fertilizer application helps:
A. Improve fertility
B. Reduce fertility
C. Increase erosion
D. Increase pests
Answer: A
131. Controlled environment agriculture regulates:
A. Light
B. Temperature
C. Humidity
D. All of the above
Answer: D
132. Irrigation is mainly used to:
A. Combat low rainfall
B. Increase taxes
C. Increase erosion
D. Reduce sunlight
Answer: A
133. Climate change may result in:
A. Land degradation
B. Crop stress
C. Lower productivity
D. All of the above
Answer: D
134. Which factor is not a factor of production?
A. Land
B. Labour
C. Capital
D. Weather
Answer: D
135. The reward for labour is:
A. Rent
B. Wages
C. Interest
D. Profit
Answer: B
136. The reward for land is:
A. Rent
B. Profit
C. Wage
D. Salary
Answer: A
137. The reward for capital is:
A. Profit
B. Rent
C. Interest
D. Wage
Answer: C
138. The reward for management is:
A. Wage
B. Rent
C. Interest
D. Profit
Answer: D
139. Which factor organizes the others?
A. Land
B. Labour
C. Capital
D. Management
Answer: D
140. Soil fertility is a:
A. Climatic factor
B. Edaphic factor
C. Biotic factor
D. Economic factor
Answer: B
141. Rainfall is a:
A. Biotic factor
B. Climatic factor
C. Edaphic factor
D. Capital factor
Answer: B
142. Soil organisms are:
A. Climatic factors
B. Biotic factors
C. Edaphic factors
D. Capital factors
Answer: B
143. Humus formation improves:
A. Soil fertility
B. Soil erosion
C. Salinity
D. Acidity
Answer: A
144. Farm expansion requires:
A. Planning
B. Capital
C. Management
D. All of the above
Answer: D
145. Adoption of new technology depends largely on:
A. Skill acquisition
B. Ignorance
C. Deforestation
D. Taxation
Answer: A
146. Knowledge and skills enhance:
A. Farm management
B. Productivity
C. Sustainability
D. All of the above
Answer: D
147. Agricultural production is a combination of:
A. Land
B. Labour
C. Capital and management
D. All of the above
Answer: D
148. Sustainable farming aims at:
A. Long-term productivity
B. Soil conservation
C. Food security
D. All of the above
Answer: D
149. The success of agriculture depends on:
A. Environmental factors
B. Production factors
C. Good management
D. All of the above
Answer: D
150. Agriculture remains important because it provides:
A. Food
B. Employment
C. Raw materials
D. All of the above
Answer: D
